About the Extension of University Education Act, 1959

About the Extension of University Education Act, 1959 The Extension of University Education Act, no. 45 of 1949, isolated South African colleges by both race and ethnicity. This implied that the law not just proclaimed that â€Å"white† colleges were shut to dark understudies, yet in addition that the colleges that were available to dark understudies be isolated by ethnicity. This implied that lone Zulu understudies, for example, were to go to the University of Zululand, while the University of the North, to take another model, was once in the past confined to Sotho understudies. The Act was another bit of Apartheid enactment, and it enlarged the 1953 Bantu Education Act. The Extension of University Education Act was canceled by Tertiary Education Act of 1988. Fights and Resistance There was across the board challenges the Extension of Education Act. In Parliament, the United Party-the minority party under Apartheid-fought its section. Numerous college teachers likewise marked petitions fighting the new law and other bigot enactment focused on advanced education. Non-white understudies likewise fought the demonstration, giving explanations and walking against the Act. There was additionally worldwide judgment of the Act. Bantu Education and the Decline of Opportunity South African colleges that educated in the Afrikaans dialects had just restricted their understudy bodies to white understudies, so the prompt effect was to forestall non-white understudies from going to the Universities of Cape Town, Witswatersrand, and Natal, which had some time ago been relatively open in their affirmations. Each of the three had multi-racial understudy bodies, however there were divisions inside the schools. The University of Natal, for example, isolated its classes, while the University of Witswatersrand and University of Cape Town had shading bars set up for get-togethers. The Extension of Education Act shut these colleges. There was additionally an effect on the instruction understudies got at colleges that had recently been informally â€Å"non-white† foundations. The University of Fort Hare had since a long time ago contended tat all understudies, paying little heed to shading, merited similarly incredible training, and it was a universally lofty college for African understudies. Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Robert Mugabe were among its alumni, however after the entry of the Extension of University Education Act, the administration assumed control over the University of Fort Hare and assigned it an organization for Xhosa students. After that, the nature of training declined steeply as these colleges had to give the intentionally second rate Bantu Education. College Autonomy The most critical effects were on non-white understudies, however the law additionally decreased the self-governance for South African colleges by removing their entitlement to conclude who to admit to their schools. The legislature additionally supplanted University executives with individuals who were viewed as being more inline with Apartheid feelings, and educators who fought the new enactment likewise lost their jobs.â Roundabout Impacts The declining nature of instruction for non-whites, obviously, had a lot more extensive ramifications. The preparation for non-white instructors, for example, was particularly substandard compared to that of white educators, which affected the training of non-white understudies. All things considered, there were not many non-white educators with college degrees in Apartheid South Africa, that the nature of advanced education was something of an unsettled issue for auxiliary instructors. The absence of instructive chances and of college independence likewise constrained the instructive prospects and grant under Apartheid. Sources Mangcu, Xolela. Biko: A Life. (I.B. Tauris, 2014), 116-117. Cutton, Merle. â€Å"Natal University and the Question of Autonomy, 1959-1962.† Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Center. Four year certification in liberal arts Honors Thesis, Department of Natal, Durban, 1987. â€Å"History,† University of Fort Hare, (Accessed 31 January 2016)

The Body Shop, Corporate Social Responsibility

The target of this bit of work is to embrace a basic investigation of the beautifiers organization The Body Shop, as far as its way of thinking, strategic policies and different exercises and survey the degree to which the association can authentically be viewed as a socially dependable corporate substance. The idea of corporate social obligation will essentially be illustrated and examined to give a hypothetical structure inside which the ensuing investigation will itself be found. The investigation will at that point investigate the organisation’s resistance to creature testing, its help for network exchange and duty to ecological insurance. The picked regions speak to three of the five basic beliefs that support The Body Shop’s statement of purpose (Appendix 1) the other two being simply the initiation regard and the barrier of human rights, which won't be tended to explicitly. It is foreseen that the structure of the investigation will permit the company’s history, accomplishments, qualities and restrictions in each characterized region to be assessed inside a comprehensive worldview (Campbell and Kitson, 2008). The qualities which the organization has characterized and set for itself will at last be utilized as benchmark rules against which the association will be surveyed. Assessment will subsequently be a continuous and indispensable piece of the examination, instead of a procedure that is discrete and unmistakable from it, despite the fact that the primary subjects and issues will be attracted together to uncover regions of concern and sign future strategies. Presentation The Body Shop International PLC is a worldwide beauty care products organization propelled in 1976 by Anita Roddick and her better half Gordon, which was predicated on moral standards and the estimations of natural manageability. For the most part known as The Body Shop, the organization has 2400 stores in 61 nations, 66% of which are diversified, selling a scope of more than 1500 items (The Body Shop, 2009a). The organization likewise sells its items through an in home deals program, The Body Shop at Home, in the United States, Australia and here in the United Kingdom (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2009). One of the main organizations to disallow the utilization of fixings tried on creatures, The Body Shop additionally spearheaded Community Trade concurrences with nations in the creating scene. The organization is likewise ascribed for forming moral industrialism in the manner it has delivered and retailed its different purchaser items. For a long time, reinforced by its eco-accommodating certifications and morally focussed promoting systems, The Body Shop obliged a distinctly well known situation inside the open cognizance and for some in any event, was viewed as the encapsulation of a socially mindful association. In March 2006, The Body Shop was offered to L’Oreal in a  £652. 3 illion takeover bargain, netting Anita and Gordon Roddick  £130 million for the firm they had considered and set up thirty years beforehand (The Times, 2007). Anita Roddick passed on in September 2007 of a cerebrum Hemorrhage (BBC News, 2007). Corporate Social Responsibility At its generally fundamental, corporate social duty is an umbrella term used to portray the different manners by which associations endeavor to ‘integrate social and ecological commitments with their business activities’ (Watson and MacKay, 2003:625). Put in an unexpected way, corporate social duty is the conviction held by expanding quantities of people that organizations have duties to society and the network in which they work, that go past their commitments to financial specialists. In spite of the fact that proof of socially dependable undertakings can be followed back some noteworthy time, the idea of corporate social duty in its unmistakably current structure is by and large viewed as a Twentieth Century wonder, discovering formal articulation in Howard Bowen’s Book ‘Social Responsibilities of the Businessman’ (1953). Bowen characterized social duties in the business setting as those which are ‘desirable as far as the goals and estimations of our society’ (Bowen, 1953:6). From that point forward, meanings of corporate social duty have become progressively refined reacting to and assessing changes in the intricacy, nature, decent variety and size of business associations working inside an undeniably worldwide setting. There are those anyway who accept that moral and good contemplations or for sure social duty of any sort have no spot in business, its activities or procedures. Milton Friedman contended that ‘there is one and only one social obligation of business †to utilize it assets and take part in exercises intended to build its profits’ (Friedman, 1962:133). He questioned that organizations can have obligations, ‘Only individuals can have responsibilities’ he affirmed (Friedman, 1970). Friedman saw business associations as flippant, pleasing a place that is neither good nor indecent. In this sense, as long as business happens in setting of open and free rivalry, is led in the soul of reasonableness and inside the ule of law, inquiries of social duty stay quiet. Different scholars interface the development and command of corporate social obligation, to the multiplication of moral commercialization. From this point of view, it is the requests of shoppers for items and administrations that are delivered morally, don't profit by human misuse or have no negative impacts upon nature, instead of the humanitarian undertakings or unselfish propensities of business substances that is of most noteworthiness (Burchell and Cook, 2006). Regardless of its exact definition or the hypothetical viewpoint from which it is assessed, there is little uncertainty that since its formalized origination, corporate social obligation has become a significant element on the administration and business scene just as the object of far reaching scholarly intrigue. In this specific circumstance, apparently the CSR idea has a brilliant future on the grounds that at its center, it locations and catches the most significant worries of people in general with respect to business and society connections (Carroll, 1999). Restriction to Animal Testing From the start, The Body Shop has kept up and freely announced that it doesn't test its restorative items on creatures, nor does it commission others to do as such for its sake, as it believed the training to be exploitative. To be sure, this assumption turned into a focal feature of the organisation’s reasoning and one that set it apart from its fundamental industry rivals. It is additionally an arrangement that has served to characterize the association regarding its moral position and one that has been reaffirmed in a significant number of the company’s distributions (The Body Shop, 2006a). In the 1980’s The Body Shop, upheld by numerous individuals of its clients and a wide range of creature insurance gatherings, battled for an adjustment in the law on the testing of creatures for makeup purposes in the UK, Europe, the Netherlands, Japan and Germany. In 1996, The Body Shop gave the European Union an appeal marked by more than 4,000,000 individuals, questioning the utilization of creatures in restorative testing, which at the time was the biggest of its sort at any point built. The association had a huge influence in the UK government’s choice in 1998 to boycott creature testing for corrective items and fixings. Also, the different battling exercises of Anita Roddick brought about the restricting of completed item tests in Germany and the Netherlands, while in Japan The Body Shop was liable for arranging the primary significant crusade on this issue. In 1995, The Body Shop orchestrated the autonomous examining of its Against Animal Testing provider observing frameworks and for their accreditation utilizing the ISO 9002 quality confirmation standard. The association was one of the first to join to the Humane Cosmetic Standards plot (HCS) in 1996. This globally perceived system was considered and executed to empower customers to effortlessly distinguish in the buying procedure, corrective and toiletry items that have not been tried on creatures. In 2004, The Body Shop Foundation (BSF) granted  £20,000 to The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at John Hopkins University to help examination into choices that may annihilate the requirement for creature testing totally. In 2005, the Royal Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) granted the organization in front of the rest of the competition in the makeup classification for ‘Achieving Higher Standards of Animal Welfare’ in acknowledgment of its en deavors on this issue (RSPCA, 2005). The next year, it was granted in front of the rest of the competition in the ‘Best Cruelty-Free Cosmetics class by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Lauren Bowey of PETA said at the hour of the introduction that ‘The Body Shop is a main impetus in advancing a progressively accommodating way of life. By disavowing creature tests, The Body Shop has indicated magnificence doesn’t must have a revolting side’ (The Body Shop, 2006b). In 2008, the RSPCA by and by perceived the accomplishments of The Body Shop, by giving it the Good Business Award and in 2009 the general public offered its definitive honor, A Lifetime Achievement Award upon the organization. The Body Shop was given an extraordinary lifetime accomplishment grant for its longstanding responsibility in battling for creature government assistance, and for crafted by Dame Anita Roddick in being instrumental in driving authoritative change, which has seen an European Union wide restriction on creature testing come into power this year’ (RSPCA, 2009). In spite of its apparently noteworthy reputation, there are the individuals who contend that The Body Shop’s position against creature testing didn't create from profoundly held moral convictions concerning creature government assistance, however was fairly an economically propelled system to improve the company’s productivity. Anita Roddick, obviously held no s

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Balloons

A Picture is Worth a Thousand Balloons So about a month ago, back when I actually wrote blog entries and stuff, Ruth ‘07 spent a week in New Orleans, so we, her floormates, decided to welcome her return with a nice poster: And a few ballons. And then a few more Really, there’s nothing to say here, except that it turned out that the air compressor Zach bought at Target operated on a 12 volt car battery, so he had to get inventive with a PC power supply. You can’t make this stuff up. Other than that, there are no words. Only pictures. Which are worth a thousand balloons- coincidentally approximately the number of balloons we used to commemorate Ruth’s return. Ruths reaction? (I think this is possibly the greatest picture ever taken) Spam? Ruth was really excited about the balloons. But maybe she had a rough week??? Everyone ran into her room after her and proceeded to have a crazy, free-for-all balloon-popping extravaganza. They popped all the balloons in her room and didnt even realize that a fewhad leaked out. Questions? =)

Racial Stereotypes in Comedy Essay - 1441 Words

The world is composed of millions of people that come from different locations, are part of different races, believe in different religions, and have developed different cultures to those of everyone else. Over the course of human history, the differences that we have developed have played an enormous role in dividing us. Perhaps the chief problem that has plagued society in the past, and continues to do so to this day, is the idea that one’s race is superior to that of others; in other words: racism. Racism has led to the discrimination, oppression, and deaths of countless numbers of people. In the present, racism is often closely associated with stereotypes. In today’s society, being stereotypical often gets you the criticism that â€Å"you†¦show more content†¦Like a countless number of other jokes, the humor in stereotype driven jokes depends on our understanding o f the subject at hand. However, we are not born with the knowledge about every race and the ignorance that we inherit prevents us from seeing the bigger picture in such comedy. As the world globalizes, it gives us an opportunity to acquire knowledge and understanding. Globalization exposes people of different races helping us see the realities of those races resulting in the purge of the ignorance that it takes to assume that stereotypes are accurate by aiding us in gaining understanding of different races, and in the process, allowing us to see the humor of the exaggerations when we compare our pre-globalized mindset composed of generalizations, to that of our globalized mindset enriched with the comprehension of others. It is not unseasonable to believe that because stereotypes are appearing so commonly in comedy, they will reinforce those stereotypes rather than help society rid itself from them. Extinguishing stereotypes is impossible. Researchers have determined that the creation of stereotypes is a natural function of the brain (Paul, par. 2). In attempt to make ligh t of a problematic issues, comedians use stereotypes to denounce stereotypes. The first thing that we should understand is that comedy is comedy. This does not mean that it should not be taken seriously as frequently advised. Comedy should be embraced and takes seriously but not in theShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effect Of Stereotypes1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effect of Stereotypes in Comedy We all laugh at the things we see in the media that are perceived as funny; whether it be appropriate or offensive. One of the most popular subjects that comedians and comedy shows rely on is stereotypes. Stereotypes play a large role in society and the everyday lives of individuals. These stereotypes have resulted in blurred assumptions of others based on what we see and hear in the media. The use of stereotypes in comedy to make something funny has aRead MoreEssay on Film Analysis Guess Who and Guess Whos Coming to Dinner1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthat still exists against interracial marriages. The hostility of the 60s and 70s is gone, but an element of suspicion remains. Guess Who gets some of its comedic energy from the racial clash. This movie has the potential to fall into all of the stereotypes we have come to expect from black and white comedies. There is a little of that: Kutchers character is goaded into telling black jokes at dinner with Theresas family that includes her racially intolerant grandfather and Macs characterRead More Film analysis Guess Who and Guess whos comming to dinner Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesbias that still exists against interracial marriages. The hostility of the 60s and 70s is gone, but an element of suspicion remains. â€Å"Guess Who† gets some of its comedic energy from the racial clash. This movie has the potential to fall into all of the stereotypes we have come to expect from black and white comedies. There is a little of that: Kutcher’s character is goaded into telling black jokes at dinner with Theresa’s family that includes her racially intolerant grandfather and Mac’s characterRead MoreThe Television Show Black Ish1091 Words   |  5 PagesAngeles. The theme centers around how Andre came from a poor black neighborhood and his kids don’t seem to realize their culture. With this being the basis of the show, it has caused an uproar, with just its name alone being said to perpetrate racial stereotypes, leaving some with feelings that the show should be canceled (Peyser). The sitcom has even received tweets from Presidential candidate Donald Trump about being racist. This is as far from the truth as possible. Black-ish is not only non-racistRead MoreThe Intersection Of Race And Media1489 Words   |  6 Pagesof progressive, even anti-r acist, narrative that showcase close inter-racial friendships and camaraderie on the silver screen. (Hughey, 2012) It is certainly true that media content has gotten a lot less discriminatory since the days of blackface, American Indian depictions in old cowboy movies and really any person that was not of white Anglo-Saxon tradition. For much of U.S. history, most white-produced images of other racial groups have been unambiguously racist (Croteau 2012) But even though usRead MoreRush Hour Two: Through an American Perspective1062 Words   |  4 PagesRush Hour 2: Through an American Lens Filmic comedies are often genres that are overlooked in regards to the level of seriousness that they bring. Due to the levity of the content itself, comedies have much more freedom to deviate from the contextual restraints, imposed by society itself, other film genres must respect. Contextual constraints, such as, racial stereotypes, gender connotations, and cultural references, are components that comedies use in order to achieve humor at its maximum effectRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1538 Words   |  7 Pagesare portrayed. Films that use racial humor harm the particular race that the films are depicting. Films with racial humor that is enhanced to be seen as acceptable creates prejudge mental labels for certain races. The viewers of these films are more likely to view these stereotypes portrayed in the media as facts about whatever race that is being critically represented. Films that are created with this line of content harms individuals credibility based on the ra cial group they belong to. This harmsRead MoreWho Attends Church And Loves Meeting People916 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A lot of geeks are pale, bespectacled, wear dark clothing and don t get out much - the stereotype exists because it is very often true. I could pass for a non-geek but it would be inaccurate.† Said China Mieville. A quote meaning that you can’t escape who you are. It is true that Hollywood has stereotyped Asians in movies. I, however, see myself as an Asian who is not like what people see in movies. We have been stereotyped and I disagree with it all. I define myself as an Asian who is twenty yearsRead MoreMovie Analysis : Rush Hour 2 1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie chosen for this research is â€Å"Rush Hour 2†, which compactly contains set of various stereotypes of Asians, African-Americans, and Latinos in American film as well as provides examples of portraying sexuality in movies. It’s a comedy action film; it’s also a classical buddy story with unorthodox for that time buddies: African-American and Asian characters. The movie was directed by Brett Ratner, produced and distributed by New Line Cinema, story written by Ross LaManna and Jeff NathansonRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Madea Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesand trust, for she was a victim of childhood sexual abuse. This theme is a continuing pattern in films by Tyler Perry. The critics say, â€Å"We find that these films offer largely negative portrayals of middle-class Blacks which ultimately reify old stereotypes of Blacks in film, even w hile creating new ones.† One of the main characters in his films is Madea played by Tyler Perry himself. Madea is a big, strong, old black woman who has trouble obeying the law but ultimately serves her community by giving

Essay on Marital Oppression In The Story Of An Hour by...

In The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin, we are introduced to Mrs. Mallard. She is portrayed an unloving, heartless, woman who is overjoyed by the passing of her husband-Ââ€" or at least that is the common misconception. Mrs. Mallard although perceived as inhuman, is actually more human than most would like to believe. While her actions may seem questionable or even to be condemned, they are hardly unthinkable in light of the issues involving marriage and the womans role throughout history. The story itself presents a valid argument in favor of Louise as she is portrayed as the oppressed wife finally set free after her husbands death. In the beginning of The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard is just a typical wife. It is not until she†¦show more content†¦This newfound freedom is in effect a new motivation for Louise. Before experiencing such freedom, Louise was petrified of the thought of life being long; now however, she felt herself wishing, even praying for life to be long. This is evidenced with the following quote, She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long. (15). This depicts an ever embracing Louise, finally liberated of the powerful institution of marriage. What is more, this quote serves to further support the idea that Louise indeed felt trapped, she was unhappy and yet, the thought of her husband dying hadnt crossed her mind, only the relief from her own passing was her wish. Moreover, The Story of an Hour, shows that Louise felt her husbands domination through the powerful will bending her (14), later she is in this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being. (15). This last statement indicates this newborn contention in Louise, made only possible by Mr. Mallards death. In Mr. Mallards death, Louise finds herself being able to assert herself in unimaginable ways; Mrs. Mallard is no longer limited to the confines of her marriage. Ultimately, all of this new brazenness and freedom is dependent on Mr. Mallards death, thus one would not have occurred without the other. The fact that Louise on her own indicates the bending of her will to her husbandsShow MoreRelatedKate Chopin, An American Writer1425 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin, an American writer, known for her vivid portrayals of women’s lives during the late 1800s. Her fiction works usually set in Louisiana, which contributed too much of her description of women’s roles. During Chopin’s time, Louisiana was in the midst of reconstruction and was having racial and economic issues. (Skaggs 4) Louisiana is the setting for many of Chopin’s stories, and they depict a realistic picture of Louisiana society. Kate Chopin published two novels and many short storiesRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour 1274 Words   |  6 PagesHaley Morrow Mrs. Crook AP English 25 Sept. 2015 Feminist Literary Theory in The Story of an Hour Women are no stranger to a socially constrained lifestyle and society, especially in the late 1800’s. Women were believed to live a certain way, fulfill certain roles and duties in the household, and to be extremely fragile and weak. This type of culture still exists today but not to the extreme that it once was. Kate Chopin, however, not afraid speak out against the implications of society breaks freeRead MoreEssay about Kate Chopin Short Stories1663 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin was an American feminist fiction writer and a woman ahead of her time. She lived in the socially conservative nineteenth-century, but in her stories, she wrote about unconventional characters, particularly women, that caused others to question her morality. Similar to the female characters in her stories, Kate Chopin was an independent woman. She would often smoke cigarettes or walk in the streets unaccompanied; these practices were considered unusual for a nineteenth-century woman toRead MoreLi terary Criticism of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour1338 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Criticism and the Story of an Hour Literary criticism gives the reader the tools to see literature in new ways. Each type focuses on different components of the story and asks the reader to examine a given text for ques. When an analysis is performed in a given critical style, a whole new perspective of the text becomes available. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour is an account of a marriage in the late 19th century. Mrs. Louise Mallard is identified by her marriage and she allows herselfRead MoreThe Death of Louise Mallard and Female Identity in The Story of an Hour1858 Words   |  8 PagesIn Chopin’s thousand work short story The Story of an Hour, the protagonist Louise Mallard is afflicted with heart trouble but learns that her husband has died in a railroad accident. Upon her husband’s death, Mrs. Mallard catches a glimpse of what independence feels like, but it is quickly taken away from once her husband returns unharmed. Chopin’s feminist ideals form the basis of this story where she exp lores female identity in a patriarchal society. For women of her time, marriage could beRead MoreThe Story Of The Hour Identity Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesWoman with Identity Issues in The story of the Hour As the title suggests â€Å"The story of the hour† is a story written by Kate Chopin which happens in an hour span of a woman. The story revolves around an ill young woman named Louis Mallard whose husband was involved in a tragic train accident. The author developed many themes around the incidents that happen in that one hour, which are very differently interpreted than the usual norm for the times when this story was written. The themes of life, deathRead MoreWomen s Marital Oppression By Kate Chopin976 Words   |  4 PagesDismembering Untypical Cases: Women’s Marital Oppression â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a short story in which the author, Kate Chopin, presents an interesting view on women s feeling in marriages. Louise Mallard is the main character of the story and rather than mourn her husband’s death, she fills with a confuzed joy as she feels freedom from her boring life. Once she finds out that her husband, Mr Brently, is still living, Mrs. Mallard’s heart explodes and she dies from sadness.While the idea thatRead MoreEssay A Silent Curse1012 Words   |  5 Pagesdominance is evident through the treatment and lack of affection given to the women of the house. Aunt Jennifers Tigers, a poem, by Adrienne Rich and Kate Chopins short story, The Story of an Hour, equally capture the underlying meaning of matrimony. Both literary works have similar themes portraying a womans struggle with oppression, marital burdens and the secret want for freedom. As the poem by Rich opens, Aunt Jennifer is creating a beautiful work of needlepoint. It is through theRead MoreThe Story of an Hour1203 Words   |  5 PagesFebruary 23, 2012 Part One: Alternate ending to â€Å"The Story of an Hour† â€Å"Someone was opening the front door with a latchkey, it was Brently Mallard who entered, a little travel stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. He had been far from the scene of the accident, and did not even know there had been one. He stood amazed at Josephine s piercing cry; at Richards quick motion to screen him from the view of his wife† (Chopin, 16). Josephine rushed to the door looked at Mr. MallardRead MoreKate Chopin s The Hour1361 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyzed â€Å"The Story of the Hour† has been whether or not Mrs. Mallard was oppressed in her marriage or if she was depressed due to the lack of time she and her husband spent together. Time plays a crucial role in the story, from the time they have spent together, to the period of the story, and to the short time in which the story takes place. â€Å"The Story of the Hour,† is a story written by feminist author, Kate Chopin in 1894 that deals with marital instability from a wo man’s perspective. Chopin, whose

My Personal Accomplishment version 2 Free Essays

There are two experiences, which are very important to me. The first is being part of the Leland High School Speech and debate Team. The second is doing volunteer work at the World Children’s Fund (WCF). We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Accomplishment version 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now These experiences make me proud because they help me develop myself and give back to society at the same time. Through these experiences, I am able to enrich others as I enriched myself. Debate has always been my favorite subject. Engaging in a debate incorporates two distinctive life-learning skills. They are public speaking and problem solving. Most people are afraid of speaking in front of many people. However, I do not seem to be like â€Å"most people†. I do not fear public speaking. Instead, I enjoy it. I relish the feeling of standing in front of many people and being free to express myself. I savor the exhilaration of knowing that people listen to what I say. This makes me feel important and fulfilled. However, it is not only the feeling that matters. The skills, values and knowledge I acquire are also important. Through debating, I am able to develop my critical thinking and my creativity. I learn to examine arguments carefully and quickly to be able to retort wisely and on time. Debating also helps me improve my focus. A problem to be debated has certain limits. Relevant issues and controversies should not be ignored. Similarly, irrelevant issues and controversies should not be introduced. Lastly, debate exposes me to a wide range of topics- from international issues to national issues. Many facts I learned through debating, such as the Jenna 6 incident, has helped me a great deal during my high school years. I also learned a lot from seminars and trainings such as the Parliamentary Debate Camp held by the Stanford University National Forensic Institute. Another reason debate is important to me is that it helps me develop a sense of fulfillment. It helps me believe that I am capable of doing something. In the Parliamentary Debate Camp, I became a quarter-finalist in the Parliamentary Debate Varsity Division. I was also awarded the Super Distinction of National Forensic League this fall. I am able to prove my leadership skills by being the Chairman of the Parliamentary Debate Team. As the leader, I am responsible for around thirty freshman students and some older members. It is my responsibility to give lectures about debating and help others develop the capability to compete in upcoming tournaments. I run two classes a week and had completed over 100 PowerPoint lectures, by the end of the second semester last year. I also hold mock debates and private tutorial sessions to help other students to catch up. As the Chair, it is also my responsibility to communicate with other schools that are interested with debating, and give advice and information to administrators, students, and parents. For example, just last year, I assisted Bret Harte Middle School in creating a debate team. I confer with parents and students at the Bret Harte Middle School Cafeteria and give them tips on how to create a successful debate team. Knowing that people trust me with these responsibilities and that I am able to perform these responsibilities gives me a sense of accomplishment and allows me to believe in my own abilities as a debater, a thinker, a team member, a teacher and a leader. Another experience that I value the most is doing volunteer work for the WCF. It is a non-profit organization engaged in giving humanitarian aid to help and rescue children in need in developing countries, including those who are abandoned, distressed, endangered, exploited, homeless, hungry, sick or suffering. I coordinate production of humanitarian packages for distribution. We place stuffed animals, drinking water, MREs, antibiotics, band-aids, medical equipments, and other essential items into boxes and ship them to countries such as the Philippians, Africa, Vietnam and other developing nations. I consider helping in the WCF as one of my community obligations. It is an â€Å"obligation† because I believe that it is my duty as a member of society to always give back. Even though I cannot carry out more demanding roles like going directly to other countries, my contribution is also important. I feel that I am actually changing the world little by little. Through these experiences, I am able to give kindness and aid to others the same way that I received kindness and aid when I needed them most. Like these children, there was a time in my life when I was in need of help and attention too. This happened when I first came to the United States in 1996. I was then a foreigner who does not know how to speak English and communicate with the people around me. This made my assimilation into the American culture difficult. However, a few individuals took initiative to help me fit in. These individuals inspired me and my assimilation happened faster. Looking back, I still remember a 7-year-old child on his first day of school as a foreign exchange student sitting on a bench alone. He is bewildered with the English language and is too afraid to try to speak. He cried all night that night in bed. The next day, he expected to be alone again, but someone reached over and stuck a cookie in his mouth- a chocolate chip cookie. This led to a conversation and, by the time lunch break ended, the two children were already best friends. This initiated his acceptance into the society that he did not yet fully understand. It is a wonder how this foreign exchange student grew up to be me, not anymore alone and afraid of not being understood. It is also a wonder how, after eleven years, Corey Tucker, the boy with the cookie, is still my true and best friend. Yesterday, I proudly recited the Pledge of Allegiance. Even though I do not fully understand the meaning of â€Å"America†, I understand that America is the place where I belong. This feeling of acceptance was made by the kind efforts of the friends I made that day, most especially by Corey. Through the years, many other Corey Tuckers came into my life. This time, I want to be a Corey Tucker too. I want to be able to help others and give back the kindness I have received before. At present, knowing that I am able to do this through my debate class and the WCF gives me a feeling of calmness, peace and satisfaction that money cannot buy. How to cite My Personal Accomplishment version 2, Essay examples

Scary story free essay sample

The Ight was dim so not much of the basement lit up when you turned on the light. You were surrounded by darkness. Even when you turned on the light switch the light will first sound like a growl. I didnt care. It freaked me out sometimes from watching one too many scary movies. But it was Just my Imagination, right? unlike me, my little sister was terrified of the basement. She would always bring me or one of my parents In the basement with her. She was only five years old, and she said she saw monsters. I thought she was kidding and didnt pay any ttention. I even went down to the basement with her, Just to prove that monsters and ghosts didnt exist. I was right, when I went downstairs nothing was there. She would hide behind me and point at a dark corner and say that the monsters are there. She answers, and this time theres a man on the line who says, In a chilling ice, Have you checked the children? Click. At first she thinks it might have been the father calling to check up and he got interrupted, so she decides to Ignore it. She goes back to her homework, then the phone rings again. Have you checked the children? says the creepy voice on the other end. Mr.. Murphy? she asks, but the caller hangs up again. She decides to phone the restaurant where the parents said theyd be dining, but when she asks for Mr.. Murphy she is told that he and his wife had left the restaurant 45 minutes earlier.So she calls the police and reports that a stranger has been calling her and hanging up. Has he threatened you? the dispatcher asks. No, she says. Well, theres nothing we can really do about it You could try reporting the prank caller to the phone company. A few minutes go by and she gets another call. Why havent you checked the children? the voice says. Who is this? she asks, but he hangs up again. She dials 911 again and says, Im scared. I know hes out there, hes watching me. Have you seen him? the dispatcher asks. She says no. Well, there isnt much we an do about it, the dispatcher says. The babysitter goes into panic mode and pleads with him to help her. Now, now, Itll be okay, he says. Give me your number and street address, and If you can keep this guy on the phone for at least a minute well try to trace the call. What was your name again? Linda. Okay, Linda, If he calls back well do our best to trace the call, but Just keep calm. Yes, she says, and hangs up. She decides to turn the lights down so she can see if anyones outside, and thats when she gets another call. Its me, the familiar voice says. Why did you turn the lights down? Can you see me? she asks, panicking. Yes, he says after a long pause. Look, youve scared me, she says. Im shaking. Are you happy? Is that what you wanted? No. Then what do you want? she asks. Another long pause. Your blood. All over me. She slams the phone down, terrified. Almost immediately it rings again. Leave me alone! she screams, but its the dispatcher calling back. His voice is urgent. Linda, weve traced that call. Its coming from another room inside the house. Get out of there! Now!!! She tears to the front door, attempting to unlock it and dash outside, only to find the chain at the top still latched. In the time it takes her to unhook it she sees a door open at the top of the stairs. Light streams from the childrens bedroom, revealing the profile of a man standing Just inside. She finally gets the door open and bursts outside, only to find a cop standing on the doorstep with his gun drawn. At this point shes safe, of course, but when they capture the intruder and drag him downstairs in handcuffs, she sees he is covered in blood. Come to find out, all three children have all been murdered.

Great Gatsby Thesis Essays - The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby, Gatsby

Great Gatsby Thesis Fitzgeralds dominant theme in The Great Gatsby focuses on the corruption of the American Dream. By analyzing high society during the1920s through the eyes of narrator Nick Carraway, the author reveals that the American Dream has transformed from a pure ideal of security into a convoluted scheme of materialistic power. In support of this message, Fitzgerald highlights the original aspects as well as the new aspects of the American Dream in his tragic story to illustrate that a once impervious dream is now lost forever to the American people. The foundation qualities of the American Dream depicted in The Great Gatsby are perseverance and hope. The most glorified of these characteristics is that of success against is that of success against all odds. The ethic of hard work can be found in the life of young James Gatz, whose focus on becoming a great a man is carefully documented in his Hopalong Cassidy journal. When Mr. Gatz shows the tattered book to Nick, he declares, Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always has some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what hes got about improving his mind? He was always great for that (Fitzgerald, pg 182). The journal portrays the continual struggle for self-improvement, which has defined the image of America as a land of opportunity. By comparing the young James Gatz to the young Benjamin Franklin, Fitzgerald proves that the American Dream is indeed able to survive in the face of modern society.(Website) A society naturally breaks up in into various social groups over time. Members of lower statuses constantly suppose that their problems will be resolved if they gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many interpret the American dream as being this passage to high social status and once reaching that point, not having to concern about money at all. Though, the American Dream involves more than the social and economic standings of an individual. The dream involves attaining a balance between the spiritual strength and the physical strength of an individual.(Lehan, pg.53) Jay Gatsby fails to reach his ultimate dream of love for Daisy in that he chooses to pursue it by engaging in a lifestyle of high class. Gatsby realizes that life of the high-class demands wealth to become priority; wealth becomes his superficial goal overshadowing his quest for love. He establishes his necessity to acquire wealth, which allows him to be with Daisy. The social elite of Gatsbys time sacrifice morality in order to attain wealth. Tom Buchanan, a man from an enormously wealthy family, seems to Nick to have lost all sense of being kind.(Lehan, pg.60) Nick describes Toms physical attributes as a metaphor for his true character when remarking that Tom had a hard mouth and a supercilious mannerarrogant eyes has established dominance over his facealways leaning aggressively forwarda cruel bodyhis speaking voiceadded to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed (Lehan, p.61) The product of hard work is the wistful Jay Gatsby, who epitomizes the purest characteristics of the American Dream: everlasting hope. His burning desire to win Daisys love symbolizes the basis of the old dream: an ethereal goal and a never-ending search for the opportunity to reach that goal. Gatsby is first seen late at night, standing with his hands in his pockets and supposedly out to determine what share is his of our local heavens (Fitzgerald, pg25). Nick watches Gatsbys movements and comments: -He stretches out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and as far as I am from him I can swear he is trembling. Involuntarily I glance seaward-and distinguish nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might be the end of the dock. (Fitzgerald, pg.25) Gatsbys goal gives him a purpose in life and sets him apart from the rest of the upper class. He is constantly striving to reach Daisy; from the moment he is seen reaching towards her house in East Egg to the final days of is life, patiently waiting outside Daisys house for hours when she has already decided to abandon her affair with him. Gatsby is distinguished as a man who retains some of the purest traits of

Profile of Serial Killer Tommy Lynn Sells

Profile of Serial Killer Tommy Lynn Sells Tommy Lynn Sells was a serial killer who claimed responsibility for over 70 murders across the United States, earning him the nickname Coast to Coast Killer. Sells  was convicted of only one murder, but this single conviction  was enough to land him on Texass death row. In 2014, he was executed in the Allan B. Polunsky Unit near Livingston, Texas. The Tip of the Iceberg On Dec. 31, 1999, 10-year-old Krystal Surles was staying at the house of a friend, 13-year-old Kaylene Katy Harris, when she was attacked by a man in the bedroom where the two girls were sleeping. She watched as the man grabbed Kaylene and slashed her throat. Pretending to be dead, she stayed still until she had the opportunity to escape and get help from the next door neighbor. With the help of a forensic artist, Krystal was able to provide enough detail to create a sketch  that eventually led to the arrest of Tommy Lynn Sells. It turned out Sells knew Terry Harris, Kaylenes adopted father. Kaylene was his intended victim that night.   Sells was arrested days later on January 2, 2000, at the trailer where he lived with his wife and her four children. It was a peaceful arrest; he did not resist or even ask why he was being arrested. Sells later  confessed  to killing Kaylene Harris and attempting to kill Krystal, but that was just the tip of the iceberg. During the following months, Sells admitted to killing multiple men, women, and children in several states across the country. Childhood Years Tommy Lynn Sells and his twin sister Tammy Jean were born in Oakland, California on June 28, 1964. His mother, Nina Sells, was a single mother with three other children at the time that the twins were born. The family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and at 18 months old, both Sells and Tammy Jean contracted spinal meningitis, which killed Tammy Jean. Tommy survived.   Soon after his recuperation, Sells was sent to live with his aunt Bonnie Walpole, in Holcomb, Missouri. He stayed there until age 5 when he returned to live with his mother after she discovered that Walpole was interested in adopting him.   Throughout his early childhood years, Sells was left  mostly to fend for himself. He rarely attended school and by the age of 7, he was drinking alcohol. Childhood Trauma Around this same time, Sells  began hanging around with a man from a nearby town. The man showed him a lot of  attention in the form of gifts and frequent outings. On several occasions, Sells spent the night at the mans home. Later, this same  man was found guilty of child molestation,  which came as no surprise to Sells, who had been one of his victims starting when he was just 8 years old.   From the age of 10 to 13, Sells showed a special knack for staying in trouble. By age 10, he had stopped attending school, choosing instead to smoke pot and drink alcohol. Once, when he was 13,  he climbed naked into his grandmothers bed. This was the last straw for Tommys mother. Within days, she took his siblings and left Tommy alone, leaving not so much as a forwarding address. The Carnage Begins Filled with rage after his abandonment, the teenage Sells attacked his first female victim by pistol whipping her until she was unconscious. With no home and no family, Sells began drifting from town to town, picking up odd jobs and stealing what he needed. Sells later claimed he committed his first murder at age 16, after breaking into a home and killing a man inside who was  performing oral sex on a young boy. There was never any proof to back up his claim about the incident. Sells also claimed to have shot and killed John Cade Sr. in July 1979, after Cade caught him burglarizing his home. A Bad Reunion In May 1981, Sells moved to Little Rock, Arkansas and moved back in with his family. The reunion was short-lived. Nina Sells told him to leave after he  attempted to have sex  with her while she was taking a shower. Back out on the streets, Sells returned to doing what he knew best, robbing and killing, working as a carnival roustabout, and hopping trains to get to his next destination. He later confessed to killing two people in Arkansas before heading to St. Louis in 1983. Only one of the murders, that of Hal Akins, was ever confirmed. Transient Serial Killing In May 1984 Sills was convicted of car theft and he was given a two-year prison sentence. He  was released  from prison the following February but failed to follow the terms of his  probation. While in Missouri, Sells started working a county fair in Forsyth where he met Ena Cordt, 35, and her 4-year-old son. Sells later admitted to killing Cordt and her son. According to Sells,  Cordt  invited him back to her house, but when he caught her  going through his knapsack, he beat her to death with a baseball bat. He then did the same to the only witness of the crime, the 4-year-old Rory Cordt. Their bodies were found three days later. Overdosed on Heroin By September 1984, Sells was back in jail for drunk driving after crashing his car. He stayed in jail until May 16, 1986. Back in St. Louis, Sells claims  he shot a stranger in self-defense. He then headed to Aransas Pass, Texas, where he was hospitalized for an  overdose of heroin. Once out of the hospital, he stole a car and headed to Fremont, California. While in Freemont, investigators believe he was responsible for the death of Jennifer Duey, 20, who was shot to death. They also believe he was responsible for murdering Michelle Xavier, 19, who was found dead with her throat cut. Unconfirmed Killing In October 1987, Sells was living in Winnemucca, Nevada, with 20-year-old Stefanie Stroh. Sells confessed to drugging Stroh with LSD, then strangling her and disposing of her body by weighing down her feet with concrete and putting her body into a hot spring in the desert. This crime was never confirmed. According to Sells he left Winnemucca on November 3rd and headed east. In October 1987, he  confessed to murdering Suzanne Korcz, 27, in Amherst, New York. A Helping Hand Keith Dardeen was the next known unfortunate victim that tried to befriend Sells. He spotted Sells hitchhiking in Ina, Illinois and offered him a hot meal at his home. In return, Sells shot  Dardeen  and then mutilated his penis. Next, he murdered  Dardeens  three-year-old son Pete by bludgeoning him with a hammer. He then turned his rage on  Dardeens  pregnant wife Elaine, who he attempted to rape. The attack caused Elaine to go into labor and she gave birth to her daughter. Neither mother nor daughter survived. Sells beat both of them to death with a bat. He then inserted the bat into Elaines vagina, tucked the children and the mother into bed and left. The  crime went unsolved  for 12 years until Sells confessed. Julie Rae Harper Sells  confessed to an unbelievable cross-country crime spree although many of the crimes he describes have never been verified.   In 2002, crime writer Diane Fanning began corresponding with Sells as he awaited the death penalty  in Texas. In one of his letters to Fanning, Sells confessed to the murder of 10-year-old Joel Kirkpatrick. Joels mother, Julie Rae Harper, was found guilty of his murder and was in prison. Later Sells told Fanning, during a face-to-face interview, that Harper had been rude to him at a convenience store, so to get back at her, he followed her home and murdered the boy. The confession,  along with Fannings testimony at a prison review board and with help from the Innocence Project, later resulted in a new trial for Harper that ended in an  acquittal. Coast to Coast For 20 years Sells was a transient serial killer that managed to  stay under the radar  as he roamed around the country killing and raping unsuspecting victims of all ages. Investigators believe that Sells is likely responsible for 70 murders across the country. During his confessions, he took on the nickname Coast to Coast when telling about the different murders he had committed one month while in California and the next month while in Texas. Based on Sells confessions throughout the years, the following timetable can be pieced together, however, not all of his claims have been proven. December 1988  - Tucson, Arizona - Sells kills  Ken Lauten over a bad drug deal.Between December  - January 1988  - Sells murders an unknown woman and her three-year-old son in Salt Lake City, Utah, disposing of their bodies in the Snake River in Idaho.January 1988  -  Ã‚  Ina, Illinois - After murdering the Dardeen family, Sells is arrested for stealing a car. He takes off before his scheduled court appearance.January 1988  - Lawrence, Massachusetts - Melissa Trembly, 11, is  raped and murdered.January 27, 1989  - Truckee, California - Sells kills an unnamed  prostitute  and disposes of her body. An unidentified womans body was found at the location that he describes to police.April 1989  - Roseburg, Oregon - Sells kills  an unnamed woman that was in her twenties.May  9, 1989  - Roseburg, Oregon - Sells kills  a female hitchhiker.May  9, 1989  - Roseburg, Oregon - Sells is arrested  for stealing from his employer. He spends 15 days in jail.Augus t 16, 1989  - North Little Rock, Arkansas - Sells is arrested  on theft charges. October 18, 1989  - Oakland, California - Sells is charged  with public drunkenness and put into detox.November 1989  - Carson City, Nevada - Sells is charged with public drunkenness.December 1989  - Phoenix, Arizona - Sells is hospitalized  for a heroin overdose.January  7, 1990  - Salt Lake City, Utah  - Sells is arrested on charges of  cocaine possession but released after police determined that he was not in possession of drugs.January 12, 1990  - Rawlings, Wyoming - Sells is arrested and sent to prison for auto theft. He is released in January 1991.December 1991  - Marianna, Florida - Sells kills  Teresa Hall, 28, and her five-year-old daughter.March and April 1992  - Charleston, South Carolina - Sells is arrested  for  public drunkenness.May 13, 1992  - Charleston, West Virginia - Sells is imprisoned  for raping, beating and stabbing a 20-year-old woman who survived the attack. He is sentenced to two 10-year prison terms and  released in May 1997.October 13, 1997  - Lawrenceville, Illinois - Sells attacks  Julie Rea Harper and stabbs10-year-old Joel Kirkpatrick to death. October 1997  - Springfield, Missouri - Stells kidnaps, rapes and strangles to death 13-year-old Stephanie Mahaney.October 1998  - Del Rio, Texas - Sells marries  a woman with three children. The couple is separated for two weeks in February 1999 and again in late March 1999.March 30, 1999  - Del Rio, Texas - Sells rapes  and murders Debbie Harris, 28 and eight-year-old Ambria Harris.April 18, 1999  - San Antonio, Texas - Sells rapes  and strangles nine-year-old Mary Perez.May 13, 1999  - Lexington, Kentucky - Sells rapes  and murders 13-year-old Haley McHone, then sells her bicycle for $20.Mid-May to June 24, 1999  - Madison, Wisconsin - Sells is jailed for drunk and  disorderly conduct.July  3, 1999  - Kingfisher, Oklahoma - Sells shoots and kills  14-year-old Bobbie Lynn Wofford.December 31, 1999  - Del Rio, Texas - Sells’ commits his final act of murder - 13-year-old Kaylene Harris and attempted murder of 10-year-old Krystal Surles. Trial and Sentencing On September 18, 2000, Sells pleaded guilty and was convicted of the capital murder of Kaylene Harris and attempted murder of Krystal Surles. He was sentenced to death. On September 17, 2003, Sells was indicted for the 1997 Greene County, Missouri murder of Stephanie Mahaney. Also in 2003, Sells pleaded guilty to strangling to death nine-year-old Mary Bea Perez of San Antonio, for which he received a life sentence. Execution Sells was executed in Texas on April 3, 2014, at 6:27 p.m. CST  by lethal injection. He declined to make a final statement.

Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brazil - Essay Example It relies heavily on these renewable sources of energy for home and commercial purposes. These include solar, wind, and hydraulic energy systems. Brazil has subsidized the equipment required for the renewable energy installations such as the solar panels and wind turbines in order to encourage further use of renewable energy. This has greatly contributed to Brazil being self-reliant in terms of meeting its energy needs, which has, in turn, placed the economy at a vantage point to be able to take advantage of arising opportunities (International Labour Office., & International Institute for Labour Studies, 2011). Brazil, as a country, is richly equipped in terms of mineral resources. It has large reserves of natural gas, which are used in running cars and other machines. Brazil has the highest natural gas deposit than other countries. For example, it has coal reserves that are used in power stations and for operating trains (International Labour Office., & International Institute for Labour Studies, 2011). Additionally, it also produces Uranium used for the production of nuclear energy. Brazil is ranked as the twelfth in terms of oil production in the whole continent. In addition to the renewable sources of energy already in use, it also produces ethanol, which is a by-product of sugarcane that is used for running cars and other basic energy uses. Brazil sources all its energy from its reserves thus no need to source any energy source from outside, and this ensures its self-reliance. Brazil is highly industrialized because of the availability of local sources of energy thus making it the maj or powerhouse in the South American region (Diniz, 2014). The Brazilian population is significant in its strategic positioning as a nation. It has been on the steady increase over the recent years. This is essential for the provision of labour and market for goods produced. This has led to many investors choosing to do business in Brazil since it has better working

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Philosophy - Essay Example How ought it be conducted? Provide a clear argument answering this question. Refer to at least five philosophers we have studied in the course of your answer. In your answer, be sure to demonstrate knowledge of the material by explaining ideas and using specific support and please use only this material Required Philosophy exists in different branches of thoughts that address different philosophical area of focus. Some of the branches and their areas of focus in include the following, epistemology this is the study of nature and knowledge (Lawhead). Epistemology expresses the relationship between beliefs, truth and theories that justify such beliefs and truth. The other area of concern is the metaphysics, this involves the study of aspects of reality and illustration of these features includes existence (Lawhead). Ethics include the other branch involved in study of philosophy addressing thing that people have to do and how they should to them. The final branch of philosophy include the logics, this involves precise reasoning to determine the components of good and bad reasoning in addition to determining the effectiveness of reasoning. Ethics as an essential branch of philosophy that is important in improving human life, thus it has a major principal of influencing human well-being in their world. Aristotle was an influential individual in the establishment of ethical concern as guidance in the human relation. Aristotle in support of Plato’s ideas regards some virtues as being ethical, for instance, these virtues include the following, temperance courage and justice (Bhaskar 120). According to Aristotle, there are things that an individual need to possess for them to live a happy life, they include virtue, pleasure, honour friendship and wealth (Das 82). Accusations of these things have to be in a morally decent way that does not conflict with the virtues of the society. For effective coexistence, it is also

Evaluate The Impacts Of Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay

Evaluate The Impacts Of Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay Globalization has changed companies international activities over the year all over the world for well developed and developing countries (Stefanini2006). Globalization; countries worldwide dissemination of the material and spiritual values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are considered as beyond national borders, among countries in the economic, political and cultural values, variable gain, resolution of ideological distinctions based on the polarization of different cultural values, beliefs and expectations and better recognition of the intensification of these relations, as well as homogeneity of the differences reached a development that would be correct.  Another way, globalization of economic, political, social and cultural fields, some common values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹beyond the local and national boundaries are defined as the spread around the world. Globalization has been seen important improvement around the world countries and economies, creating greater unity in international business and finance and rapidly accelerating the integration of developing countries into the global economy. Wit and Meyer(2005) suggested that in analysis of globalization has crucial importance which are Globalization of companies, businesses and economies. However, these trends have not in any sense been universally positive for all the countries. There are many reasons that globalization has negative impacts to different countries well developed countries have seen benefit of globalization while poor and developing countries and economies have been faced negative effect of globalization. The globalization is not just expand to investment to other countries because it is effected the host countries economical social existing and future condition such as employment rate, GDP, increase technological skills and integration and cross border cooperation. Emerging and developing countries try to attract to invest foreign investment with such as new regulations, law, reduce to borders to have global competitive advantage to attract business firms because one of the most crucial issue of development is the investment for the countries. It is not always to possible to cover all needed investment by internal resources. The process of globalization, particularly foreign capital flows to developing countries is of great importance for the development and to attract and growth foreign investment is a great change to host countries especially in the developing countries. The multinational companies have reached significant transnational trade helping by improvement of services, technologies. Foreign direct investment (FDI) decision of the firms is one of the crucial issues in term of the host country such as the market and political situation and certainty, benefits and alternatives shapes the entre strategies. Foreign Direct Investment Definition of Foreign Direct Investment FDI can be descried that activities of a business of beyond the borders of the home country and the manufacturing plant to establish of existing production facilities by increasing its capital to a subsidiary of a FDI in the different country. In the worldwide perception, foreign direct investment (FDI) is delicate to economic situation of the countries. Allen and Edward (2008) mentioned that the inadequacy of data for surveillance remains an issue in many countries. FDI growth factors demand less of the monitoring and compliances to lure the investment leading to more exposure. It was reported by The World Bank (Investing Across Borders 2010) that in 1970 global FDI total $13.3 billion and in 2007 it was $1.9 trillion however in 2009 the economic rescission affected all type business trade and FDI in developed countries dropped 41% contrast in developing countries it was 35%. There is many benefits and disadvantages of FDI in the host countries. Business firms has facilitated many new jobs, develop the skills, new technologies on the other hand impact of FDI is not always positive for example competition with local business, environmental labour right issues, undermining local government(Navaretti and Venables 2004) Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) influences the economic performance and is given various advantages to firm thus reach cheap raw materials and natural resources in different geographies, cheap cost of manufacturing process, weak labour and health safety regulations, less taxing. FDI decision is one of the most important issues companies need to carefully reviews the conditions of the host country, in line with the market situation in which competing firms choose the way of investment. There is factors directly affecting foreign direct investment (FDI) desions such as political balance, low rates, indused policies. According to Sun(2009) linkages between domestic and foreign firms can also affect the export performance of domestic firms, which provides yet another explanation for increased competition for FDI among host country governments. There are two basic understanding of the effect of FDI, one of them is considered that this effect is positive and other second believe refused it however spillover effect is still important matter for these two sides. (Aitken and Harrison 1999) Navaretti and Venables (2006) mentioned the FDI effect host and home countries in variety of ways and it can be structured in three way firstly product market effects these are the quantity and quality of home and host country and also competitive conditions of multinational and local companies. Secondly factors market effects can be expand as capital and labour and thirdly spillover which is effects of technological improvement in host country. FDI Theories Vernon (1966) as cited by Bora (2002) examined Product life cycle model seeks to bridge international trade theory and individual firm`s perspective of investment in product development and mentioned that there different level in the product life cycle in different multinational companies. The theory basically concerned that foreign direct investment (FDI) is major way to transfer new innovations and technology and assume three level of product life cycles. Caves(1971) as cited by Jones and Wren(2006) studied Hymer`s theory and linked Hymer`s theory of international production to the then current theories of industrial organization on horizontal which is firm`s product in foreign market and vertical integration which is different stage of production. Dunning (1997) developed OLI(ownership, location initials of internationalization) theory also known as eclectic theory. According to the eclectic theory multinational companies invest and acts to advantages of ownership advantages, location advantages, and internationalization advantages. Domestic and foreign companies can achieve competitive advantage in markets that are closely related to benefits. Foreign direct investment (FDI) studies regarded to positive effect of employment in host countries and emerge of economy. Chen (2000) mentioned that foreign direct investment(FDI) helps to improve knowledge skills and assistance to progress new technologies and adaptation to new ideas marketing and business strategies and also make attractive to other investors in host country. Foreign Direct Investment in China China`s historical changes is an important example to progression communism and imperialism systems. Chinese communists have transformed their socialist ideology into a new national project that de ¬Ã‚ nes modernisation in globalist terms.(Harris 2005) Zhilong(2002) mentioned that China began to implement the opening-up policy and actively utilise foreign direct investment (FDI) after Deng Xiaoping had come into power, which means that China did not open its domestic market until the early eighties. During the three decades from 1949 to 1979, China absolutely forbade foreign investments and hardly took foreign loans. Since agreement to the WTO in 2001 FDI growth dramatically and China has become biggest FDI share comparing in developing countries according to WTO(2008) China has become the world`s third largest trader and manufacturer. WTO(2009), export of Chinese goods has determined that the first order and export of commercial services ranked Fifth in the world also China has become one of the largest importer in the world. One of the most well developed country Germany has ranked second in export of merchandise and export of commercial services was third. This report shows that Brazil and India other most emerging countries in FDI.   Euromonitor (2010) indicates that China`s export were valued Chinas exports were esteemed at US$119.9 billion in April 2010, up by 30.5% year-on-year and increase 24% than last year. The reason of increase of export was mainly growing machinery and electronics sales to USA, the EU and Japan.  In addition in April 2010, imports went up 49.7% year-on-year to US$118.2 billion however The annual expansion in imports slowed compared to March 2010, when imports increased by a robust rate of 66.2% year-on-year to US$119.4 billion. In April 2010, China, open 7.2 billion U.S. dollars recorded in the previous month, according to the first time since 2004, recorded a trade surplus of $ 1,700,000,000. However, compared with a year ago, Chinas trade surplus shrank 87.0% in April of 2010. Muyuan(2011) argued that after earthquake in Japan there will be negative impact of FDI in China because Japan is the second foreign direct investment(FDI) country in China after Hong Kong. Japan FDI was $4.1 billion in 2010 and this figure corresponds to 3.9% of FDI in China. However China`s economic growth is not just depend on FDI there is significant foreign exchange reserves and surplus even though it was believed that there will be long term impact of Japan FDI rise of economic growth in China. The massive expansion of the Chinese economy growth can be described as a miracle comparing the improvement global export and has become an economic power in the world. Chinese companies ranked top list of leading global business firm over the years. Since economic development people lifestyle, consumer behaviour has changed in China. There is huge movement to rural area to big cities even though largest population still remains in the rural areas. There is different studies have defined FDI in different ways for instance according to Chen(2000) foreign direct investment defined as investment in which a firm acquires a substantial controlling interest in a foreign firm or sets up a subsidiary in a foreign firm or sets up subsidiary in a foreign country and also is one of the strategy to getting multinational. There is different ways to invest other countries such as licensing, franchising, joint venture, exporting, greenfield investment, merger and acquisitions. Foreign Direct Investment in Brazil FDI has crucial role in progress and improvement of Brazil economy and being attracted by many multinational firms. Over these progresses Government policies has been changed to make suitable to invest by firms. Euromonitor(2010) confirmed that Brazil has second foreign direct investment(FDI) inflow in the world. According to the central bank foreign direct investment in Brazil (2009) totalled $25.9 billon. The impact of FDI on Brazilian economy has been helped a number of ways for instance improvement policies, economical situation, political stability and increasing the countries reputation over the years. The growth of FDI has changed and increased productivity level, competitiveness and become more ease up since 1990s in Brazil. The spillover effect influence existing market and productivity of other firms also and it is more likely that products becomes cheaper The foreign investors create outflow of personnel, management styles from the foreign firms to host companies. Moran(2004) mentioned that Citibank`s training program influend the financial sector and become a leading example to train their own employees in Brazil. FDI is not effect employment level also it may affect technological improvements which is called spillover effect which is transferred by firms and effect productivity, effiency and econimal growth.(Jones and Wren 2006) The growth of FDI has changed and increased productivity level, competitiveness and become more ease up since 1990s in Brazil. Conclusion This essay aims to give an overview of foreign direct investment with main theories and examples from variety of countries. Activities of multinational companies effect in both home and host countries in the global world and also these activities have some advantages impact in short and long term prospects and significant effects on both sides. Over the past decades emerging countries have changed and improved existing economical and political situations to attract by and become very attractive for FDI and gain competitive advantages especially such countries China, India and Brazil become major host countries for international companies. Foreign direct investment has been effected economy, investment trade ,structure, envoriment and labour in host countries.

Financial and Management Accounting

Fall 2012 Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 MB0041 – Financial And Management Accounting – 4 Credits (Book ID: B1624) Assignment Set – 1 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. 1. Explain the process involved in accounting. 2. The salaries paid in 2004 is Rs. 5,00,000; Salaries outstanding is Rs. 20,000; Salaries paid in advance for 2004 is Rs. 30,000. What is the actual salary expenditure for 2004? Which accounting principle is involved in this and explain that principle. 3. Find the value of the following: a.If the total assets are Rs. 87,000 and the liabilities are Rs. 47,000, find out the amount of capital. b. If the capital of proprietor is Rs. 4,00,000 and the total assets are Rs. 6,00,000, what is the amount of liabilities to outsiders? c. If creditors are Rs. 56,000, bank overdraft is Rs. 1,00,000, and outstanding expenses are Rs. 8,000, what is the total amount of assets? d. Fixed assets are Rs. 70,000 a nd current assets are Rs. 1,00,000 and the creditors are Rs. 30,000. What is capital? 4. Enter the following transactions in the single column cash book of Gopichand.March, 2003 1st. Commenced business with cash 20000 2nd. Bought goods for cash 5000 3rd. Sold goods for cash 4000 4th. Goods purchased from Ravi Kumar 10000 10th. Paid to Ravi Kumar 7000 14th. Cash sales 8000 18th. Purchased furniture for office 4000 22nd. Paid wages 500 Fall 2012 25th. Paid rent 600 30th. Received commission 4000 30th. Withdrew for personal purpose 1000 Cash balance 170000 Hint: Goods Purchased from Ravi Kumar is a credit purchase. 5. Find out the missing figures. Office stationery 5000 Purchased during the year Closing stock 8000 25000 ? 3000 Opening stockConsumables 6000 ? 24000 Consumed for the year ? Hint : Office stationery consumed for the year =27000 Consumables purchased during the year = 22000 6. Explain the tools of management accounting. Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 1 Fall 2012 MB0041 – Financial and Management Accounting- 4 Credits (Book ID: B1624) Assignment Set – 2 (60 Marks) Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. 1. Compute trend ratios and comment on the financial performance of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from the following extract of its income statements of five years. in Rs. Crore) Particulars 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 27,501 22,742 21,693 16,692 13,893 Operating Profit (PBIDT) 8,968 7,861 7,195 5,238 4,391 PAT from ordinary activities 6,835 6,218 5,988 4,659 3,856 Revenue (Source: Infosys Technologies Ltd. – Annual Report) Hint: The Revenue and Operating Profit (PBIDT) have almost doubled in four years. The PAT from ordinary activities has increased by 77. 26% in the same period. 2. What is fund flow analysis? What are the objectives of analysing flow of fund? From the following balance sheets of Joy Ltd. prepare a cash flow statement under indirect method. Liabilities 2005 2006 Equi ty share capital 3,00,000 4,00,000 8% redeemable pref. share capital 1,50,000 1,00,000 General reserve 40,000 70,000 Profit and loss 30,000 48,000 Proposed dividend 42,000 50,000 Sundry creditors 55,000 83,000 Bills payable 20,000 16,000 Provision for taxation 40,000 50,000 6,77,000 8,17,000 Goodwill 1,15,000 90,000 Land and building 2,00,000 1,70,000 80,000 2,00,000 1,60,000 2,00,000 Stock 77,000 1,09,000 Bills receivable 20,000 30,000 Total Assets Plant Sundry debtors Fall 2012 Cash 15,000 10,000Bank 10,000 8,000 Total 6,77,000 8,17,000 Additional Information a) Depreciation of Rs. 10,000 and Rs. 20,000 has been changed on plant and building during the current year. b) An interim dividend of Rs. 20,000 has been paid during the current year. c) Rs. 35,000 was paid during the current year for income tax. Hint: Cash flow from operating activities Rs. 1,25,000; Cash flow from investing activities (Rs. 1,20,000); Cash flow from financing activities (Rs. 12,000). 3. Calculate the cost o f raw materials purchased from the following data: Opening stock of raw materials Rs. 10,000Closing stock of raw materials Rs. 15,000 Expenses on purchases Rs. 5,000 Direct wages Rs. 50, 000 Prime costs Rs. 1, 00,000 Hint: Cost of Raw Materials purchased is Rs. 50,000 4. Distinguish between absorption costing and marginal costing 5. The Anchor Company Ltd. produces most of its electrical parts in its own plant. The company is at present considering the feasibility of buying a part from an outside supplier for Rs. 4. 50 per part. If this is done, monthly costs would increase by Rs. 1,000. The part under consideration is manufactured in department 1 along with numerous other parts.On account of discontinuing the production of this part, department 1 would have somewhat reduced operations. The average monthly usage production of this part is 20,000 units. The costs of producing this part on per unit basis are as follows. Material Rs. 1. 80 Labour (half-hour) 2. 40 Fixed overheads 0. 80 Total costs 5. 00 Should the company produce this part or should it buy from an outside supplier? Fall 2012 Hint: Differential costs 7,000 per month Favouring making of the parts 6. Explain the essential features of budgetary control. 0. 35 er unit

Strategic Management Case Study Module 7

Strategic Management Module 7 Case Study Daryl L. Young Thomas Edison State College Strategic Management Module 7 Case Study Housing Bubble and Its Burst Case Study Question 1: Explain the cause of the housing bubble and its burst in the mid-2000s. To what extent is this problem the result of ethical failure? Housing Bubble No single cause can fully explain the crisis but, in my opinion, the two major bases were legislation that promoted homeownership and subprime mortgages. To fully understand the environment that spawned the housing bubble, we’ll have to travel back to the 1930s, when the country was in the midst of the Great Depression.During this time frame, homeownership represented only about 40 percent of the U. S. households (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, Strickland, 2012, p. c-423). Following severe mortgage market disruptions, widespread foreclosures, and sinking homeownership rates, the government created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Fannie Mae, the Federa l Home Loan Bank (FHLB), and several decades later Freddie Mac to help promote secure and sustainable homeownership for future generation of Americans (Reforming America’s Housing Finance Market, A Report to Congress, 2011, P. 5).A Subprime Mortgage is a type of mortgage that is normally made out to borrowers with lower credit ratings; a conventional mortgage is not offered because the lender views the borrower as having a larger-than-average risk of defaulting on the loan; lending institutions often charge interest on subprime mortgages at a rate that is higher in order to compensate themselves for carrying more risk, as defined by Investopedia. com, 2013. In 1994, subprime mortgages represented approximately 6 percent of total mortgage loans originated but by 2005 the percentage grew to 37. (Thomson et al. , 2012). Private firms like Countrywide, and others, issued more than 84 percent of the subprime mortgages in 2006 (Swift, 2011). Fast-forward to the 2000s and the effect s of federal legislation over 60 years increased homeownership to nearly 70 percent (Thomson et al. , 2012) coupled with an explosion of subprime mortgages, and appreciation of homes values resulted in the housing bubble. Housing Bubble Burst As there are several factors that created the bubble, there are just as many that were responsible for its burst.The most significant factors were the repeal of a major component of the Glass-Steagall Act and a weakened housing market. First, lets look at the Glass-Steagall Act. One of the components in the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 separated investment (brokerage) and commercial banking activities (investopedia. com, 2009). The clause stipulated that banks would be allowed to take deposits and make loans, brokers would be allowed to underwrite and sell securities, but no firm would be allowed to do both due to the conflicts of interest and risks to insured deposits (Rickards, 2012). In 1999, President Bill Clinton and Republicans led by Sen.P hil Gramm repealed part of the Glass-Steagall Act, removing barriers that prohibited any one institution from acting as any combination, at the behest of big banks (Rickards, 2012). Secondly, the U. S. economy began to weaken, with declining demand for housing, which caused home prices to plummet and appreciation in home prices came to an end, and in most cases reversing (Thompson et al. , 2012). Homeowners, investors, and financial institutions did not have enough capital supporting their investments to absorb the resulting losses (Reforming America’s Housing Finance Market, A Report to Congress, 2011, P. ). Homeowners were faced with foreclosure when they lost income during the economy slowdown or seen their payment on Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARMs) rise to a point of unaffordability (Thompson et al. , 2012). In 2008, credit markets froze. Our nation's financial system – which had outgrown and outmaneuvered a regulatory framework largely designed in the 1930s †“ was driven to the brink of collapse. Millions of Americans lost their jobs, families lost their homes, and small businesses shut down (Reforming America’s Housing Finance Market, A Report to Congress, 2011, P. 5). Countrywides’ RoleCase Study Question 2: Evaluate Countrywide’s role in the subprime mortgage debacle. Was the company’s conduct unethical or illegal? Countrywide’s Role From 2005 to 2007, Countrywide was the leading subprime lender in the country issuing $97. 2 billion in subprime mortgages (Bloomberg Business Week, 2009) but only led in market share by 2 percent. The bottom 16 subprime mortgage-issuing firms accounted for $363. 5 billion in mortgages (reference chart 1). Countrywide was responsible for 10 percent of a $1 trillion problem. Conduct Unethical or Illegal Countrywide practices were illegal.Countrywide was charged with predatory lending practices (Thompson et al. , 2012) and later reached a multi-state settlement for $8. 68 billion (Huffman, 2008). â€Å" Countrywide’s lending practices turned the American dream into a nightmare fore tens of thousands of families by putting them into loans they couldn’t understand and ultimately couldn’t afford,† said Attorney General Edmund G. Brown Jr. , a co-leader of the negotiations for the states (Huffman, 2008). Countrywide settlement became the largest predatory lending settlement in history, dwarfing the nationwide $484 million settlement (Huffman, 2008).Case Study Question 3: Using this case as an example, who benefits and who gets hurt when a company engages in unethical or socially irresponsible behavior? In the long-term, no one benefits from this behavior. In this case study, the companies, shareholders, consumers, and global economy all suffered from the irresponsible behavior of many in the financial sector. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost more than a quarter of their net worth (Wikipedia. org, 2013). T otal retirement assets dropped by 22 percent, from $10. 3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008 (Wikipedia. org, 2013).As with most unethical or irresponsible corporate behavior there are no long-term winners. References Denning, S. (2001). Lest We Forget: Why We Had a Financial Crisis. Forbes. Retrieve from: http://www. forbes. com/sites/stevedenning/2011/11/22/5086/ Huffman, M. (2008). Countrywide Settles Predatory Lending Charges for $8. 68 Billion. Consumer Affairs. Retrieved from: http://www. consumeraffairs. com/news04/2008/10/ countrywide_settlement. html Investopedia. (2013). Definition of Housing Bubble. Retrieved from: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/h/housing_bubble. asp#axzz2NRrhirhT Rickards, J. (2012).Repeal of Glass-Steagall Caused the Financial Crisis. Economic Intelligence. Retrieved from: http://www. usnews. com/opinion/blogs/economic- intelligence/2012/08/27/repeal-of-glass-steagall-caused-the-financial-crisis The Department of the Treasury. (2011). Refo rming America’s Housing Finance Markets, A Report to Congress. Retrieved from: http://www. treasury. gov/initiatives/Documents/ Reforming%20America's%20Housing%20Finance%20Market. pdf Thompson, A. , Peteraf, M. , Gamble, J. , Strickland III, A. (2012). Crafting & Executing Strategy, The Quest for Competitive Advantage. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Intention and Motive in Criminal Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1072 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Criminal Law Essay Did you like this example? Critically assess the ways in which the judges have differentiated between the concepts of intention and motive in the criminal law In lay terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“intentionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“motiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are often employed interchangeably and without apparent distinction. This cannot be said to be so in the criminal law. Smith[1], commenting upon intention, states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It might be expected that the meaning of such a fundamental term would have been settled long ago but this is not so. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intention and Motive in Criminal Law" essay for you Create order The cases are inconsistent, judicial opinion has recently changed and there is still some measure of uncertainty.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is perhaps significant that none of the leading criminal law text books allow either intention or motive an indexed category of their own, referring the reader instead to the fundamental concept of mens rea. However, it should be noted that mens rea may not be equated with intention still less with motive. Mens rea is itself incapable of a single definition. Every crime has its own mens rea which must be ascertained from the words of the relevant statute or the appropriate case law. The term refers to that element of a criminal offence which relates to the mental state of the defendant. Different crimes require different mental states ranging from intention and knowledge to recklessness and negligence. In R v Maloney[2], the House of Lords made it clear that intention should in the vast majority of cases be afforded its ordinary meaning. Lord Bridge s tated (at p.926): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when directing a jury on the mental element necessary in a crime of specific intent, the judge should avoid any elaboration or paraphrase of what is meant by intent, and leave it to the juryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s good sense to decide whether the accused acted with the necessary intentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This has not, however, prevented the judiciary from indulging in much soul-searching over the meaning of the term. The classic case relating to the requisite intention to commit the crime of murder was for a long time Hyam v DPP[3] in which the majority of the House of Lords held that foresight of high probability of serious bodily harm was a sufficient mens rea for murder even though such a state of mind did not even amount to an intention to cause grievous bodily harm. Thus it may be observed that so far as the requisite intention to commit murder is concerned, the mens rea in this case à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“malice aforethou ghtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  can be possessed by a defendant who does not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“intendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  deliberately to kill in any accepted sense of the term. Notwithstanding the simplicity of the approach in Maloney (supra), further direction has been found to be necessary in cases in which the result was not the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual purposes even though the outcome was a highly probable consequence of his actions. Herring[4] cites the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“oft-quoted exampleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the person who plants a bomb on an aeroplane hoping to destroy items which he has insured. He will not necessarily intend the death of the pilot even though this is an almost inevitable consequence of his actions. In R v Nedrick[5], Lord Lane CJ proposed that the jury be directed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“they are not entitled to infer the necessary intention, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a res ult of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions and that the defendant appreciated that such was the caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This was the subject of challenge in the leading case of R v Woollin[6] in which the certified question was whether in murder a direction such as that proposed by Lord Lane CJ was necessary and, if so, whether such a direction was necessary in all cases or whether it was only necessary in cases where the sole evidence of intention was to be found in the actions of the defendant and their consequences for the victim. That case involved a defendant who killed his infant son by throwing him onto a hard surface in a fit of temper. The judge at first instance directed the jury that if they concluded that the appellant had appreciated that there was a substantial risk that the child would suffer serious harm they were entitled to convict him of murder. An appeal to the Court of Appeal was unsuccessful but the House of Lords quashed convictions of both murder and mansla ughter on the basis that where it was not the purpose of the defendant to cause death or serious harm, he should not be found to have the requisite mens rea unless the outcome was a virtually certain consequence of his actions and he appreciated that to be so. This concentration upon purpose may make it appear that intention should be regarded as very similar in meaning to motive. However, it remains the case that the two concepts should be very clearly distinguished. It was stated in Maloney (supra at p.926) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“intention is something quite different from motive or desireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is not to say, however, that a consideration of motive is entirely unhelpful. Smith (Op. Cit., p.96 supplies the example of a defendant who puts poison in his uncleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tea with the intention of killing him in order to inherit his money. That author suggests that the motive (to inherit the money) should be entirely distinguished from the actus reus and the me ns rea and that motive is therefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by definitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  irrelevant to criminal responsibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is submitted, however, that Herring (Op. Cit., p.143) supplies a pragmatic and preferable analysis. He suggests that where a person who has put rat poison into a persons food who happens to expect a legacy upon that personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death, the jury is far less likely to believe that the administration of the poison was an absent-minded mistake rather than an intended act. Thus, while the courts have ostensibly tended to eschew considerations of motive in assessing the existence of intent, it is submitted that an examination of the rationale behind a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions can often provide a useful tool in assessing their purpose and thus their true state of mind allowing an appropriate conclusion to be drawn as to the presence or otherwise of the requisite mens rea. Bibliography Herring, J., Criminal Law, Text, Cases and Materials, (2004) Smith, J., Smith Hogan, Criminal Law (10th Ed., 2003) Westlaw 1 Footnotes [1] Smith, J., Smith Hogan, Criminal Law (10th Ed., 2003), p.70 [2] [1985] AC 905 [3] [1975] AC 55 [4] Criminal Law, Text, Cases and Materials, (2004), p.144 [5] [1986] 1 WLR 1025 [6] [1999] AC 82